The Difference Between A Spirit, Ghost And Entity?

Greetings,

Firstly, for some reason my spiritual guides wish for me to talk about the ego, so here go`s.

If someone ever claims to be an expert in the field of the paranormal, I can tell you now that they could not be further from the truth. There is no experts in the field of the paranormal and it does not matter how much studies someone has had, lectures someone has given or experience they have or have not had. The paranormal covers a very vast range of area that it would be simply impossible for this to be the case.

In order to be an expert the person in question would have to cross over and stay in the afterlife for sometime then come back into the physical realm. Even if someone is very in tune with the spirit world or are receiving direct communication from the spirits, they do not tell us everything.

Even in one field of research within the paranormal community, there can be no experts. However someone can be a specialist within a field of research, in this case the paranormal community.

Sadly there is a lot of self proclaimed experts due to people not having their ego`s in check.

One of the reasons for this is the fact that not all that are in the paranormal community are led and directed by the higher spiritual powers for the higher good of others.

People may come into the paranormal field for all different reasons, motives and agenda`s.

 In my spirituality which is that of the mystic, I believe it is always good to have an ego but in a healthy way and positive way. Someone that has a ego in a negative way has often got something deep down they need to deal with.

When someone learns to know their self, the higher self, the part of them that is related to the Divine, then negative traits will fall away. This is the path to Illumination, and rather than thinking of themselves they will be only to willing to help or teach others, and not for personal gain only.

Don`t get me wrong, as we are all human and have our weaknesses.

However if we strive towards Illumination, a little bit each day, then when the higher powers bring our weakness to the surface so that we know what they are, we need to acknowledge them in order to work on them, myself included. If we are truly a spiritual person, and guided by the powers that be daily, we should be able spot these people, as once our eyes are opened they are not hard to see.
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Now onto really what this blog was to be all about.

What is the difference between a spirit, ghost and Entity?

Often when we hear about these three words, we hear them interchangeably to mean one and the same thing. However this is not true and often leads to a lot of confusion.

 So in this blog I have decided to explain how I see the meanings of these three words. Some of you, your ideas and opinions may be a little different and that is alright as long as you hopefully can see that there is in fact a difference between each three words.

The first word I wish to look at is spirit, another word for spirit is soul and even in ancient times breath and wind represented spirit. Take for example, in the first book of Moses it was said that God/s breathed life into Adam. In other words, the soul which is part of the Divine and comes from the Divine went into the physical temple, the human body. So the spirit is inside the living body, it is the real you and your consciousness that go`s on after the death of the physical body. It is what really keeps our physical bodies alive as once the spirit leaves our physical bodies, then our physical bodies die. The mind and consciousness are two different things, the mind belongs to the physical and consciousness to the spirit. From the moment our physical bodies came into this physical realm they started to die. However we as a spirit do not age or change as we are eternal, meaning immortal. We as a spirit never are born young or old but the same and somewhere in between, it is only the physical body that is like this. Once the we leave the physical body, we as a spirit go back to the source, to be with the Divine in what we have come to call the afterlife. We were before this physical existence and we will be after it also.

Some people may tell you that our loved ones are always with us once they cross over. This is not really the case and is more something someone will say to reassure a person who is grieving the loss of a loved one.

Once a spirit crosses over they most often move on to be with other spirits that are members of their family that have crossed over and also be in the presence of the Divine. Our loved ones that have crossed over will however, visit us from time to time like for example, Birthdays, milestones in life, parties, family get together s and so on.

This does not mean that they are not told about how we are going as this is one of the jobs of the Angelic Entities, being that the word "Angel" in itself means messenger.  

However there are some spirits that cross over after leaving the physical body and with that the physical realm, they then try hold on to this physical realm. This happens for a number of reasons, one reason that I can think of is that they may wish to put an ending to their murder. Sometimes through my own experience in working with spirits that have crossed, they do not even realize that they have in fact left the physical realm. These type of of spirits are called "Earthbound`s" and can be found wondering the astral astral realm. As this realm is the closest vibration to that of our own physical realm, these spirits or souls energies or presence can be felt in our physical realm to the spiritually gifted or trained in this area.

Once when working in the rehab ward in a Hospital there was a man who had his leg amputated the day before. He kept telling me how he could still feel his leg there, he said that it was even at times sore. This is a very common thing with a patient who has just lost his leg, it`s called "Phantom Limb Syndrome". Why I am telling you this story is due to the fact that it can be just the same for a spirit that has just crossed over. So this is one of the reasons that some spirits do not at first realize they are no longer in the physical realm. If someone has crossed over into the afterlife very suddenly, then what I have just mentioned is a very strong possibility.

A ghost is also a spirit that may very well be in the state that I have mentioned above, as the earthbound. Sometimes these earthbound souls go through the moments leading to their crossing, over and over again at exactly the same time each day or night, this would be called a haunting. A lot of earthbound spirits are very troubled, confused, angry, frustrated in my own experience on working with them. It is often these types of spirits that may move things around physically to try and get someones attention, which may also be called a ghost haunting. Most of the time when they do this it is not always to scare someone, even though it may have that effect, but more to get their attention.

Now this brings me to the Entity, an Entity is an inter-dimensional being that to some might be alien. It is a being that never was in a physical body like us humans and never will be. The Entities, they have been around from before the beginning of our universe. They are nothing like us as a spirit or physical being. However they can inhabit someones physical body if they wish to do so and also move objects in a physical way. Entities have special abilities and roles to play and even agendas. They have been given the authority to be able to harm or help those in this physical realm. Most of these beings have different ranks and chains of command and mostly will serve us humans. One type of Entity would be the Divine beings and the Angelic beings. They do not fit in with any one religious school of thought and it is almost impossible for us in this physical realm to comprehend exactly how they operate or work in all their detail. We only have our own personal experiences to go by and still that is very limited. I have come to realize myself that these beings can`t be put into categories, like for example, good or evil as we see it. If we look to the past and the written works in relation to what some may call evil Entities. Well, in a deeper study we will find that most of these beings have both negative and positive attributes at their disposal if called upon. That it is the intention or will of the person or persons calling on them, as to how they respond or serve.

I hope that once again, as my other articles, you find this interesting. Please feel free to leave a comment underneath or if you wish to share your views and experiences thank you ~ Frater O.S (C) 2016 (Orion Silverstar).          

     

The Symbolic And Esoteric Meaning Behind The Chalice

Greetings readers,

This afternoon I am going to be talking briefly about the chalice, it`s symbolic and esoteric meaning in occult practice.

The chalice represents the goddess aspect of the divine powers that be. The open part of the chalice at the top is the womb/vagina and a symbol of reproduction. So therefore it represents, love, intuition, fertility, nurturing, compassion, security and healing.

The chalice is also a representation of the element water and is connected to the three star signs, Scorpio, Cancer and Pisces and the meanings behind these three star signs. Some other things the chalice can be connected to is any Deities, both male and female related to water, for example Neptune, Poseidon, Leviathan, Aphrodite and Isis, Osiris and Ea and Sophia, just to name a few. However, remember that all Gods and Goddesses are different aspects of the one Divine force.

Other things related to the chalice are, psychic awareness, dreams, sleep, purification, the subconscious mind, emotions, wisdom, knowledge and more.

The cauldron also is a representation of the same, and can be used as a Divination tool for Scrying due to both the chalice and cauldrons relationship with the element of water. Another form of spiritual communication it may be used for is the Rapid Moving Water/Direct Sunlight Reflection Method of Instrumental Trans-Dimensional Communication.

As the chalice represents female reproduction, the athame represents male reproduction. When the athame go`s into the chalice it is symbolic for the union of the opposite sexes. When the two opposites come together, this then brings about the Divine spark which results in creation. As the Higher Divine Powers are nether male or female and yet both, the same go`s for the Angelic Entities. It is only in this physical realm, the manifestation, that there is a separation of opposites between the two forces.

The Magick mirror, and in fact mirrors of any kind are also related to the element of water. As glass is in fact a very slow moving liquid and not a solid as some people may think, this is why runs can be seen in very old glass windows.

The Chalice is also a representation of the Luna influences and the Moon.

Some of the flowers connected to the chalice and the element of water are the Lilly, Lotus or any other plant that lives in water.

In Christianity the chalice is the symbol of the Eucharist and the last supper. It is filled with red wine, which is a symbol of the blood of Yeshua (the Christ) and bread is dipped in the chalice filled with wine to represent the body. The base of the Christian chalice is in the shape of a Hexagram which represents the 5 main planets, Saturn, Mars, Jupiter, Mercury, Venus, plus the Moon and Sun.

Without going to deep into the meanings of the Hexagram as that is not what this article is all about. The Hexagram also represents the two forces, active and passive, negative and positive, male and female, As Above So Below and so on. It is also used as the Talisman of Saturn and as the Seal of Solomon. The Hexagram also represents Anahata - The Heart Chakra.

Below are two photo`s of my chalice in the tradition of The Hermetic Order Of The Golden Dawn. The design featured on my chalice is the petals of the Lotus flower, as the Lotus flower relates to the element of water. Also featured on the design is the names of Angels and Deities relating to the cardinal direction of the element water written in Hebrew, plus relating Sigils of spiritual power. This chalice has been hand painted by myself in the colour blue for the water element. Rather than orange, as The Hermetic Order Of The Golden Dawn suggest for the Sigils and Hebrew writing. I have used gold, as to me gold is more the colour of the sun in Egyptian Magick.

When getting your Magickal tools, it is important to make them yourself. As they will mean more to you given that you have put your own time and effort into making them. Not only this but as you make them, you should visualize yourself using them, as this along with consecrating them will also add your energies to them for empowerment of them.

I remember some years ago now I was wanting to make a Wand out of wood. I asked the spiritual powers that be what they thought I should do, and if they could help me with this task. As I knew that if I was to take a branch of a tree I would have to thank the tree and leave something at the base of the tree, as a gift in return. Then a week later the wind got very rough at my place, one of the small tree`s in my front yard broke off right at the base and could not be fixed. Due to this my little tree in my front yard was going to die, I remembered my wish to the higher powers and knew that this was them providing me with what I needed. So I thanked the higher powers for providing me with that which I needed and listening to my wishes. Most often when we ask for something or do something in Magick to bring about our desired needs. It may not come in a dramatic paranormal event, but in a more natural way as the Higher Powers are able to control the elements if they wish to do so.

Thanks for checking out this article of mine, if you have any questions that you wish to be answered in regards to this. Then please feel free to leave a comment at the bottom of is article thank you ~ (C) 2016, Frater O.S (Orion Silverstar).

The Oath Of The Neophyte Ritual / The Completion Of My New Magick Mirror

Greetings readers,

A few weeks ago now I took an oath, the oath is called "The Oath Of The Neophyte".

The Neophyte is the first grade/level of those who practice The Golden Dawn tradition of ceremonial Magick. As I have had years of experience with ritual work through different Witchcraft covens, in which I became initiated to the level of High Priest. A lot of the rituals on the Neophyte grade are familiar to me as some traditions of Witchcraft borrow rituals from ceremonial Magick. Gerald Gardner and his involvement with Freemasonry and the Rosicrucian's, who later went on to founder the Gardnerian tradition of Witchcraft might be in part responsible for this. One example of this would be calling the guardian Angels of the Watchtowers in the 4 cardinal directions. However the difference between the two is that in ceremonial Magick there is much more detail involved. I feel that no matter how much experience someone may have in regards to esoteric matters. On working with new systems of Magick, it should always still be started at the beginning. With myself, I find that rather than staying with one tradition, teaching, system, method. I include what I have already learn`t over the years and blend it all together. This is the benefits of working solitary, where as in a group the groups tradition would have to be used.

The Oath Of The Neophyte is not like a pact but more like a commitment or dedication before the higher powers that the person taking it will except what is required at this grade.

On undertaking "The Oath Of The Neophyte" I started my ritual in the usual way as follows :

 A. The Lesser Banishing Ritual Of The Pentagram :-

1. The Qabalistic Cross

2. The Consecration Of The Circle
(Banishing Earth Pentagrams, Sign Of The Enterer, Sign Of Silence)

3. The Invocation Of The Archangels (facing outwards from the circle)

4. The Affirmation Of The Circle

B. The Banishing Ritual Of The Hexagram

C. The Lesser Invoking Ritual Of The Pentagram :-

1. The Qabalistic Cross

2. The Consecration Of The Circle
(Invoking Earth Pentagrams, Sign Of The Enterer, Sign Of Silence)

3. The Invocation Of The Archangels (facing inwards from the circle)

4. The Affirmation Of The Circle

C. The Middle Pillar Ritual

D. Reading from the first book of Moses (Genesis ~ The 7 days of creation)

E. The Oath Of The Neophyte :-

1. I ...............................(spiritual Name) being of sound mind and body, and having resolved on this day...........................to prosecute the great work, I here by solemnly swear :

2. To discover my true will

3. To understand all things

4. To love all things

5. To endure all things necessary for the discovery of my true will

6. To aspire to the knowledge and conversation of my Holy Guardian Angel

7. To work without lust of results

8. To banish the illusions

9. To rely only upon myself

10. To dedicate my very thought, word and deed to the discovery of my true will

11. May the order crown the work, lend me of it`s wisdom in the work, and enable me to understand the great work.

Witness my hand......................................(I signed my spiritual name in my own blood here)

F. The lesser banishing ritual of the pentagram

1. The Qabalistic Cross

2.  The Consecration Of The Circle
(Banishing Earth Pentagrams, Sign Of The Enterer, Sign Of Silence)

3. The Invocation Of The Archangels (facing outwards from the circle)

4. The Affirmation Of The Circle

Thank the higher powers for their presence and the 4 Guardian Angels of the 4 cardinal directions for their protection and for being a witness unto your ceremony.

Say : If there is any spirits or Entities around, may you depart in peace. The door between the worlds is now closed.

The ritual is now finished.

Notes : When doing the Lesser Banishing Ritual Of The Pentagram the Guardian Angels are facing outwards from your Magick circle ready to protect you. When doing the Lesser Invoking Ritual Of The Pentagram the Guardian Angels are facing inward from your Magick circle.

References : The Oath Of The Neophyte was borrowed from The Thelemic Order Of The Golden Dawn. Link : http://thelemicgoldendawn.net/

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My new Magick Mirror is now completed, after painting it black I decided to paint white writing around the 4 sides of it. As the Magick Mirror works like a portal between the physical world and the spiritual words, it was necessary to have some form of protection with it. I chose to use the names of the 4 Guardian Angels, Raphael at the top, Michael to the right side, Gabriel at the bottom and Uriel on the left side. The writing I decided to use was the Enochian language, said to be the language of the Angels given to John Dee and Edward Kelley by the Angels themselves. So by writing the Guardian Angels names in this language, it would make it all the more powerful. Lastly, I painted the mirror frame over with clear lacquer in order to preserve the writing for sometime to come.

The Enochian language : 

Feel free to use my ideas for your Magick Mirror, let me know how you go and of your results. Also if there is anything else I have mentioned here in this write up that you wish to know more about or unsure about. Please feel free to leave a message for me under this blog in the comments session.

The Pentagram : The History And How It Is Used In Ceremonial Ritual

Welcome once again my readers,

The pentagram, sometimes known as the pentacle or pentagon is in the shape of a 5 pointed star drawn with 5 straight strokes.

The word pentagram comes from the Greek word pentagrammon, with pente meaning 5 and gramme meaning line.

The pentagram contains 10 points, the 5 points of the star and also the 5 verticals of the inner pentacle, plus 15 line segments. The pentagram also contains 10 triangles within it.

The difference between the pentagram and the pentacle is that one has a circle around it and the other does not.

                                                 

The apparent path of Venus as observed from the earth forms a perfect pentagram and this is why the pentagram is also related to Venus (the bright and morning star).

In ancient times the pentagram was used as a Christian symbol that referred to the 5 senses or the 5 wounds of Yeshua (The Christ). It also relates to the 5 joys that Miriam had of Yeshua (The Christ) 

The pentagram is also said to relate to the 5 virtues of Knighthood.

The pentagram is also said the represent the deep connection our physical bodies have with the physical realm, earth and the 5 elements.

In esoteric teachings when the pentagram is up right with the one point at the top, it means that spirit is residing over the 4 elements. Also it could be said that it represents the mind over matter. That we as a spirit being have control over our carnal desires, our bodies, the flesh of which is the temple of our soul/spirit which is related to the divine. The one point at the top also relates to the connection we have with the higher divine powers and is often called "The Seat Of Wisdom" which also relates to the Pineal Gland which is sometimes called "The Seat Of God". 

The Mormons also used the upright and inverted pentagrams in the art work of their temples.

The pentagram was added to the list of 38 religious symbols excepted to be placed on tombstones of fallen soldiers that practised Witchcraft or Wicca in the U.S.A.

The pentagram is also featured on two national flags, Morocco and Ethiopia.

The esoteric fraternity "The Order Of The Eastern Star" had an inverted pentagram as their symbol which also featured the colours, blue, yellow, white, green and red to represent the 4 elements, plus spirit.

However, in some other esoteric fraternities, just to make things a little confusing the pentacle is represented by a hexagram rather than a pentagram. One example would be The Hermetic Order Of The Golden Dawn.

Within Satanism also the inverted pentagram is used, which represents the desires of the flesh and the body being in control of the mind which is opposed to the pentagram being up right. So in other words, you don`t control the machine (the body) the machine controls you. The inverted pentagram in Satanism can also represent the goat as opposed to the Christian religions lamb. The lamb being a representation of Yeshua (the Christ) and the goat being the representation of Satanas (adversary). The two points of the inverted pentagram at the top represent the horns of the goat, the one point at the bottom being the goats beard and the points to the left and right side being the goats ears. A lot of people within Satanism relate the symbol of the goat to be Bathomet, a deity connected with "The Knights Templars". Modern Satanist often use Baphomet, as if connecting it to the religion of Satanism. However, in all truth the symbol of Baphomet has nothing at all to do with adversary or Satanism.

The Symbol of Baphomet, which in itself has lots of different symbolism that needs to be understood to gain knowledge and wisdom into it`s true meaning and is a major study in itself.

In Ceremonial High Magick there are different pentagrams to be drawn in ritual for different outcomes or results. These pentagrams are divided into two types of pentagrams, pentagrams for invocation/evocation and pentagrams for banishing. Firstly invocation/evocation means to bring something towards you and banishing means to remove something from you. Invocation means to call forth a spiritual being to show in a scrying tool for divination like for example a crystal ball, magick mirror or even yourself by channeling or possession. Evocation still means to call forth a spiritual being, but this time to show in physical formation in the room with you. 

As you can see in the diagram above, it shows 2 groups of pentagrams. The invoking/evoking pentagrams at the top and the banishing pentagrams at the bottom. Here is where it gets a little tricky, the 4 pentagrams in the 2 groups are related to the 4 elements. If someone wished to call forth a spiritual being they could use all 4 different invoking pentagrams for each of the cardinal directions,earth, air, fire and water. If someone wished to banish a negative spiritual being or energy from their home, they could use all 4 different banishing pentagrams for each cardinal directions. However, sometimes just the earth banishing or earth invoking/evoking pentagram is used for all directions. Also if you wish to have communication with one elemental or Archangel, say Michael, then you may wish to use just the fire invoking pentagram for all 4 cardinal directions. If say you wished to connect with all of the cardinal directions, then all the different invoking pentagrams would be used for their direction. On drawing each pentagram in the air, it should be started where the end of the arrow is which is different for each pentagram. The pentagrams should then be traced in an unbroken line till it meets up with where it started. 

Also just to add a little more to this study, say for example you are standing in a cast circle and a pentagram is drawn within it upon the floor. Not only is there the 4 cardinal directions, which would represent the 4 points of the pentagram drawn on the floor but there is also a fifth point, spirit. This is where 2 other pentagrams will most likely come into the ritual work. They are the active and passive spirit pentagrams, seen here below, for banishing or invoking/evoking.

Thanks for showing an interest and reading this write up of mine. If you have any questions in regards to the information I posted here, please let me know in a comment under this blog thanks ~ Frater Orion Silverstar.

Reference : Some of the background history in relation to pentagrams was taken from Wikipedia ~ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagram 

  

  

The Invocation Of Uriel Ritual

Greetings readers,

This morning I did the Lesser Invocation Ritual Of The Pentagram, although I would rather call it Evocation than Invocation. Why? Invocation means that the spirit or Entity will be manifesting inside an object, say for example a Magick Mirror, Crystal Ball, Bowl Of Water or yourself. Evocation means that the spirit or Entity will be manifesting before you, in the same room as you in physical form ether visible to you or not. As I was working with the four Guardian Angels of the four cardinal directions in this ritual, I was not Invoking them into anything. Some people have said that when calling upon the Guardian Angels they are really only showing as a thought form. That maybe the case with these people, however with me they are really showing their presence before me at each cardinal direction so it`s Evocation. I will show you evidence of this as we read through this article of mine.

The Lesser Invocation Ritual Of The Pentagram is much the same as The Lesser Banishing Ritual Of The Pentagram. So if you have learn`t the LBRP  to memory then there is not that much that needs to be changed. The only things that are different in this ritual is that I am using a Invoking Pentagram rather than a Banishing Pentagram and that the Guardian Angels of the four cardinal directions are facing inward where as in the LBRP they can be facing outward. Just as in the LBRP I am working with an Earth Pentagram, but it will be the Invoking Earth Pentagram.

To see all the Banishing and Invoking Pentagrams of each cardinal direction please see my other article The Lesser Banishing Ritual Of The Pentagram. So in this ritual, The Lesser Invoking Ritual Of The Pentagram i`m using the Earth Invoking Pentagram for all four cardinal directions. This means that I am calling on the energy of Archangel Uriel, as Uriel is in the direction of Earth. This does not mean that I can not communicate with the other Archangels/Guardian Angels, I can. It is just that I am putting it out there to Uriel that I wish to seek their Wisdom/Knowledge by using the Invoking Pentagram Of Earth. If I wished to get the attention of say Guardian Angel Michael more, I would use the Invoking Pentagram Of Fire for all four cardinal directions in this ritual.

Here is The Invoking Pentagram Of Earth, as I say to see all the Invoking and Banishing Pentagrams for each cardinal directions please see my other article.

On doing this ritual, The Lesser Invoking Ritual Of The Pentagram (LIRP) it is important to do the Lesser Banishing Ritual Of The Pentagram first. Before Evoking or Invoking anything the Banishing ritual needs to first be done to clear out any unwanted influences around. It is important to do the Lesser Banishing Ritual Of The Pentagram regularly as it is very powerful. However also the Lesser Invoking Ritual Of The Pentagram should be done regularly for balance of energies. Not only this but the Lesser Invoking Ritual Of The Pentagram keeps the energies of the Guardian Angels around after negative energies have been banished. If the Guardian Angels are unable to stay around and most often this is the case, given their authority they will send other Angels under them to be around you as you go through the day. 

Here is a Talisman I made for the Element of Earth. As you can see, it not only is Archangel Uriel but it is Venus or you could say the Lucifer (the bright morning star), it is also Taurus the Bull or Ox which is one of the four Living Creatures featured in The Revelations (The Bible) and also seen on the Wait Tarot Card "Wheel Of Fortune". The symbols and Sigils I have also added all relate the this element Earth and is cardinal direction North. There is the symbol of earth, the symbol of Taurus, the Sigil of Uriel through using the Rose Cross, the symbol of the earth which is a circle with an X in it which also relates to the Ox. The cup sigil of Venus (the Lucifer) and also the earth pentacle that represents all four elements, plus spirit. I am in the process of doing another Talisman but involving the use of colour also.  

Here are some sigils I made for each Archangel of the four cardinal directions with the help of the Rose Cross.

Here is a photo of my altar from this mornings ritual, as you can see I was using my Tarot cards as a divination tool to communicate with the Archangel Uriel.  

Here is another photo of my altar from this mornings ritual, where I am able to show you something you maybe seeing for the first time. The presence of Guardian Angel Uriel in the form of a Green ball of energy (in the green circle). Green is the colour of Earth which is the element to which Guardian Angel Uriel is connected with. 

You may need to zoom the photo`s in more closer to get a better look.

You may think that this photo is just by chance that there happens to be a green orb in my circle. I also might think this if I had never been in the presence of the Archangels directly. 

Here is a photo of my altar from a month ago where I was performing The Lesser Banishing Ritual Of The Pentagram (Earth). Archangel Uriel shows again as a Green ball of energy, this time in a different position, in the East and not far from where Raphael was positioned (red circle).

The thing is a lot of people think that the Archangels stay in their quarters and that`s it. This is wrong, from my experience they are free to move around the circle as they wish and do so often.

I also wish to say these rituals are very powerful and not for those people that wish to dabble or want to try them out to see what happens. I would also advise not to do The Lesser Invoking Ritual Of The Pentagram just before bed as you may not get a good nights sleep.

Any questions, please feel free to send me a comment at the bottom of this article thanks ~ (C) Orion Silverstar 2016.